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Early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional "mob football" played in England, especially on Shrove Tuesday when they used a lemon instead of a ball. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when intramural games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football. Princeton students played a game called "ballown" as early as xxxx. A Harvard tradition known as "Bloody Monday" began in xxxx, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes. Dartmouth played its own version called "Old division football", the rules of which were first published in xxxx, though the game dates to at least the xxxxs. All of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities. They remained largely "mob" style games, with huge numbers of players attempting to advance the ball into a goal area, often by any means necessary. Rules were simple, violence and injury were common.[6][7] The violence of these mob-style games led to widespread protests and a decision to abandon them. Yale, under pressure from the city of New Haven, banned the play of all forms of football in xxxx, while Harvard followed suiWhile the game was being banned in universities, it was growing in popularity in various east coast prep schools. In xxxx, manufactured inflatable balls were introduced. These were much more regular in shape than the handmade balls of earlier times, making kicking and carrying easier. Two general types of football had evolved by this time: "kicking" games and "running" (or "carrying") games. A hybrid of the two, known as the "Boston game", was played by a group known as the Oneida Football Club. The club, considered by some historians as the first formal football club in the United States, was formed in xxxx by schoolboys who played the "Boston game" on Boston Common. They played mostly among themselves, though they organized a team of non-members to play a game in November xxxx, which the Oneidas won easily. The game caught the attention of the press, and the "Boston game" continued to spread througOn November 6, xxxx, Rutgers University faced Princeton University (then known as the College of New Jersey) in a game that was played with a round ball and, like all early games, used improvised rules that had as many similarities to rugby and soccer as to the American game of the next century. It is still usually regarded as the first game of intercollegiate football.[2][3][6][9] The game was played at a Rutgers field under Rutgers rules. Two teams of 25 players attempted to score by kicking the ball into the opposing team's goal. Throwing or carrying the ball was not allowed, but there was plenty of physical contact between players. The first team to reach six goals was declared the winner. Rutgers won by a score of six to four. A rematch was played at Princeton a week later under Princeton rules (one notable difference was the awarding of a "free kick" to any player that caught the ball on the fly, a rule that still exists today). Princeton won that game by a score of 8 - 0. Columbia joined the series in xxxx, and by xxxx several schools were fielding intercollegiate teams, including Yale and Stevens Institute of On October 20, xxxx, representatives from Yale, Columbia, Princeton, and Rutgers met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City to codify the first set of intercollegiate football rules. Before this meeting, each school had its own set of rules and games were usually played using the home team's own particular code. At this meeting, a list of rules, based more on soccer than on rugby, was drawn up for intercollegiate Harvard, which played the "Boston game", a version of football that allowed carrying, refused to attend this rules conference and continued to play under its own code. While Harvard's voluntary absence from the meeting made it hard for them to schedule games against other American universities, it agreed to a challenge to play McGill University, from Montreal, in a two-game series. The McGill team traveled to Cambridge to meet Harvard. On May 14, xxxx, the first game, played under "Boston" rules, with a round ball, was won by Harvard with a score of 3?0. The next day, the two teams played under "McGill" rules, with an oblong ball, to a scoreless tie.[6] This series of games represents an important milestone in the development of the modern game of AmericHarvard quickly took a liking to the rugby game, and its use of the try which, until that time, was not used in American football. The try would later evolve into the score known as the touchdown. In late xxxx, the Harvard team traveled to Montreal to play McGill in rugby, and won by three tries. A year later, on June 4, xxxx, Harvard faced Tufts University in the first game between two American colleges played under rules similar to the McGill/Harvard contest, which was won by Tufts 1?0.[11] The first edition of The Game?the annual contest between Harvard and Yale?was played on November 13, xxxx, under a modified set of rugby rules known as "The Concessionary Rules". Yale lost 4?0, but found that it too preferred the rugby style game. Spectators from Princeton carried the game back home, where it also became On November 23, xxxx, representatives from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia met at the Massasoit House in Springfield, Massachusetts to standardize a new code of rules based on the rugby game first introduced to Harvard by McGill University in xxxx. The rules were based largely on the Rugby Football Union's code from England, though one important difference was the replacement of a kicked goal with a touchdown as the primary means of scoring (a change that would later occur in rugby itself, favoring the try as the main scoring event). Three of the schools?HarvaCamp became a fixture at the Massasoit House conventions where rules were debated and changed. Dissatisfied with what seemed to him to be a disorganized mob, he proposed his first rule change at the first meeting he attended in xxxx: a reduction from fifteen players to eleven. The motion was rejected at that time but passed in xxxx. The effect was to open up the game and emphasize speed over strength. Camp's most famous change, the establishment of the line of scrimmage and the snap from center to quarterback, was also passed in xxxx. Originally, the snap was executed with the foot of the center. Later changes made it possible to snap the ball with the hands, either through the air or by a direct hand-tCamp's new scrimmage rules revolutionized the game, though not always as intended. Princeton, in particular, used scrimmage play to slow the game, making incremental progress towards the end zone during each down. Rather than increase scoring, which had been Camp's original intent, the rule was exploited to maintain control of the ball for the entire game, resulting in slow, unexciting contests. At the xxxx rules meeting, Camp proposed that a team be required to advance the ball a minimum of five yards within three downs. These down-and-distance rules, combined with the establishment of the line of scrimmage, transformed the game from a variation of rugby or soccer into the distinct sport of American foCamp was central to several more significant rule changes that came to define American football. In xxxx, the field was reduced in size to its modern dimensions of 120 by 53? yards (109.7 by 48.8 meters). Several times in xxxx, Camp tinkered with the scoring rules, finally arriving at four points for a touchdown, two points for kicks after touchdowns, two points for safeties, and five for field goals. In xxxx, game time was set at two halves of 45 minutes each. Also in xxxx, two paid officials?a referee and an umpire?were mandated for each game. A year later, the rules were changed to allow tackling below the waist, and in xxxx, the officials were given whistles and stopwaAfter leaving Yale in xxxx, Camp was employed by the New Haven Clock Company until his death in xxxx. Though no longer a player, he remained a fixture at annual rules meetings for most of his life, and he personally selected an annual All-American team every year from xxxx through xxxx. The Walter Camp Football Foundation continues to select All-American teams in hiIn xxxx, the University of Michigan became the first school west of Pennsylvania to establish a college football team. Other Midwestern schools soon followed suit, including the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and the University of Minnesota. The first western team to travel east was the xxxx Michigan team, which played at Harvard, Yale and Princeton.[15][16] The nation's first college football league, the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives (also known as the Western Conference), a precursor to the Big Ten Conference, was founFrom its earliest days as a mob game, football was a violent sport.[6] The xxxx Harvard-Yale game, known as the "Hampden Park Blood Bath", resulted in crippling injuries for four players; the contest was suspended until xxxx. The annual Army-Navy game was suspended from xxxx to xxxx for similar reasons.[22] One of the major problems was the popularity of mass-formations like the flying wedge, in which a large number of offensive players charged as a unit against a similarly arranged defense. The resultant collisions often led to serious injuries and sometimesThe situation came to a head in xxxx when there were 19 fatalities nationwide. President Theodore Roosevelt reportedly threatened to shut down the game if drastic changes were not made.[24] However, the threat by Roosevelt to eliminate football is disputed by sports historians. What is absolutely certain is that on October 9, xxxx, Roosevelt held a meeting of football representatives from Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Though he lectured on eliminating and reducing injuries, he never threatened to ban football. He also lacked the authority to abolish football and was, in fact, actually a fan of the sport and wanted to preserve it. The President's sons were also playing football at the college and secondary levels atMeanwhile, John H. Outland held an experimental game in Wichita, Kansas that reduced the number of scrimmage plays to earn a first down from four to three in an attempt to reduce injuries.[26] The Los Angeles Times reported an increase in punts and considered the game much safer than regular play but that the new rule was not "conducive to the sport."[27] Finally, on December 28, xxxx, 62 schools met in New York City to discuss rule changes to make the game safer. As a result of this meeting, the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States, later named the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), was formed.[28] One rule change introduced in xxxx, devised to open up the game and reduce injury, was the introduction of the legal forward pass. Though it was underutilized for years, this proved to be one of the most important rule changes in the establishment ofAs a result of the xxxx?xxxx reforms, mass formation plays became illegal and forward passes legal. Bradbury Robinson, playing for visionary coach Eddie Cochems at St. Louis University, threw the first legal pass in a September 5, xxxx game against Carroll College at Waukesha. Other important changes, formally adopted in xxxx, were the requirements that at least seven offensive players be on the line of scrimmage at the time of the snap, that there be no pushing or pulling, and that interlocking interference (arms linked or hands on belts and uniforms) was not allowed. These changes greatly reduced the potential for collision injuries.[30] Several coaches emerged who took advantage of these sweeping changes. Amos Alonzo Stagg introduced such innovations as the huddle, the tackling dummy, and the pre-snap shift.[31] Other coaches, such as Pop Warner and Knute Rockne, introduced new strategies that still remain part Besides these coaching innovations, several rules changes during the first third of the 20th century had a profound impact on the game, mostly in opening up the passing game. In xxxx, the first roughing-the-passer penalty was implemented. In xxxx, the rules on eligible receivers were loosened to allow eligible players to catch the ball anywhere on the field?previously strict rules were in place only allowing passes to certain areas of the field.[32] Scoring rules also changed during this time: field goals were lowered to three points in xxxx[3] and touchdowns raised to six poinStar players that emerged in the early 20th century include Jim Thorpe, Red Grange, and Bronko Nagurski; these three made the transition to the fledgling NFL and helped turn it into a successful league. Sportswriter Grantland Rice helped popularize the sport with his poetic descriptions of games and colorful nicknames for the game's biggest players, including Notre Dame's "Four Horsemen" backfield and Fordham University's linemen, known as the "Seven Blocks ofGlenn "Pop" Warner coached at several schools throughout his career, including the University of Georgia, Cornell University, University of Pittsburgh, Stanford University, and Temple University.[35] One of his most famous stints was at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, where he coached Jim Thorpe, who went on to become the first president of the National Football League, an Olympic Gold Medalist, and is widely considered one of the best overall athletes in history.[36][37] Warner wrote one of the first important books of football strategy, Football for Coaches and Players, published in xxxx.[38] Though the shift was invented by Stagg, Warner's single wing and double wing formations greatly improved upon it; for almost 40 years, these were among the most important formations in football. As part of his single and double wing formations, Warner was one of the first coaches to effectively utilize the forward pass. Among his other innovations are modern blocking schemes, the three-point stance, and the reverse play.[35] The youth football league, Pop Warner Little Scholars, was nameKnute Rockne rose to prominence in xxxx as an end for the University of Notre Dame, then a largely unknown Midwestern Catholic school. When Army scheduled Notre Dame as a warm-up game, they thought little of the small school. Rockne and quarterback Gus Dorais made innovative use of the forward pass, still at that point a relatively unused weapon, to defeat Army 35?13 and helped establish the school as a national power. Rockne returned to coach the team in xxxx, and devised the powerful Notre Dame Box offense, based on Warner's single wing. He is credited with being the first major coach to emphasize offense over defense. Rockne is also credited with popularizing and perfecting the forward pass, a seldom used play at the time.[39] In xxxx, his complex shifts led directly to a rule change whereby all offensive players had to stop for a full second before the ball could be snapped. Rather than simply a regional team, Rockne's "Fighting Irish" became famous for barnstorming and played any team at any location. It was during Rockne's tenure that the annual Notre Dame-University of Southern California rivalry began. He led his team to an impressive 105?12?5 record before his premature death in a plane crash in xxxx. He was so famous at that point that his funeral was broadcast nationally on radio.In the early xxxxs, the college game continued to grow, particularly in the South, bolstered by fierce rivalries such as the "South's Oldest Rivalry", between Virginia and North Carolina and the "Deep South's Oldest Rivalry", between Georgia and Auburn. Although before the mid-xxxxs most national powers came from the Northeast or the Midwest, the trend changed when several teams from the South and the West Coast achieved national success. Wallace William Wade's xxxx Alabama team won the xxxx Rose Bowl after receiving its first national title and William Alexander's xxxx Georgia Tech team defeated California in the xxxx Rose Bowl. College football quickly became the most popular spectator sport in thSeveral major modern college football conferences rose to prominence during this time period. The Southwest Athletic Conference had been founded in xxxx. Consisting mostly of schools from Texas, the conference saw back-to-back national champions with Texas Christian University (TCU) in xxxx and Texas A&M in xxxx.[42][43] The Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), a precursor to the Pacific-12 Conference (Pac-12), had its own back-to-back champion in the University of Southern California which was awarded the title in xxxx and xxxx.[42] The Southeastern Conference (SEC) formed in xxxx and consisted mostly of schools in the Deep South.[44] As in previous decades, the Big Ten continued to dominate in the xxxxs and xxxxs, with Minnesota winning 5 titles between xxxx and xxxx, and Michigan (xxxx, xxxx, and xxxx) and Ohio State (xxxx) also winning tAs it grew beyond its regional affiliations in the xxxxs, college football garnered increased national attention. Four new bowl games were created: the Orange Bowl, Sugar Bowl, the Sun Bowl in xxxx, and the Cotton Bowl in xxxx. In lieu of an actual national championship, these bowl games, along with the earlier Rose Bowl, provided a way to match up teams from distant regions of the country that did not otherwise play. In xxxx, the Associated Press began its weekly poll of prominent sports writers, ranking all of the nation's college football teams. Since there was no national championship game, the final version of the AP poll was used to determined who was crowned the National Champion of college fThe xxxxs saw growth in the passing game. Though some coaches, such as General Robert Neyland at Tennessee, continued to eschew its use, several rules changes to the game had a profound effect on teams' ability to throw the ball. In xxxx, the rules committee removed two major penalties?a loss of five yards for a second incomplete pass in any series of downs and a loss of possession for an incomplete pass in the end zone?and shrunk the circumference of the ball, making it easier to grip and throw. Players who became famous for taking advantage of the easier passing game included Alabama receiver Don Hutson and TCU passer "SlingiIn xxxx, New York City's Downtown Athletic Club awarded the first Heisman Trophy to University of Chicago halfback Jay Berwanger, who was also the first ever NFL Draft pick in xxxx. The trophy was designed by sculptor Frank Eliscu and modeled after NYU player Ed Smith. The trophy recognizes the nation's "most outstanding" college football player and has become one of the most coveted awards in all of AmericanDuriThe system continued to change, as the formula for ranking teams was tweaked from year to year. At-large teams could be chosen from any of the Division I conferences, though only one selection?Utah in xxxx?came from a non-BCS affiliated conference. Starting with the xxxx season, a fifth game?simply called the BCS National Championship Game?was added to the schedule, to be played at the site of one of the four BCS bowl games on a rotating basis, one week after the regular bowl game. This opened up the BCS to two additional at-large teams. Also, rules were changed to add the champions of five additional conferences (Conference USA, the Mid-American Conference, the Mountain West Conference, the Sun Belt Conference and the Western Athletic Conference), provided that said champion ranked in the top twelve in the final BCS rankings, or was within the top 16 of the BCS rankings and ranked higher than the champion of at least one of the "BCS conferences" (also known as "AQ" conferences, for Automatic Qualifying).[62] Several times since this rule change was implemented, schools from non-AQ conferences have played in BCS bowl games. In xxxx, Boise State played TCU in the Fiesta Bowl, the first time two schools from non-BCS conferences played each other in a BCS bowl game. The most recent team from the non-AQ ranks to reach a BCS bowl game was Northern Illinois in xxxx, which played in (and lost) the xxxx In the early 20th century, football began to catch on in the general population of the United States and was the subject of intense competition and rivalry, albeit of a localized nature. Although payments to players were considered unsporting and dishonorable at the time, a Pittsburgh area club, the Allegheny Athletic Association, of the unofficial western Pennsylvania football circuit, surreptitiously hired former Yale All-American guard William "Pudge" Heffelfinger. On November 12, xxxx, Heffelfinger became the first known professional football player. He was paid $500 to play in a game against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. Heffelfinger picked up a Pittsburgh fumble and ran 35 yards for a touchdown, winning the game 4?0 for Allegheny. Although observers held suspicions, the payment remained a secret for years.[2]On September 3, xxxx the first wholly professional game was played, in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between the Latrobe Athletic Association and the Jeannette Athletic Club. Latrobe won the contest 12?0.[2][3] During this game, Latrobe's quarterback, John Brallier became the first player to openly admit to being paid to play football. He was paid $10 plus expenses to play.[65] In xxxx, the Latrobe Athletic Association paid all of its players for the whole season, becoming the first fully professional football team. In xxxx, William Chase Temple took over the team payments for the Duquesne Country and Athletic Club, a professional football team based in Pittsburgh from xxxx until xxxx, becoming the first known individual football club owner.[66] A year later in xxxx, the Morgan Athletic Club, on the South Side of Chicago, was founded. This team later became the Chicago Cardinals, and now is known as the Arizona Cardinals, making them the oldest continuously operating professional footbThe first known professional football league, known as the National Football League (not the same as the modern league) began play in xxxx when several baseball clubs formed football teams to play in the league, including the Philadelphia Athletics, Pittsburgh Pirates and the Philadelphia Phillies. The Pirates' team the Pittsburgh Stars were awarded the league championship. However the Philadelphia Football Athletics and Philadelphia Football Phillies also claimed the title.[67] A five-team tournament, known as the World Series of Football was organized by Tom O'Rouke, the manager of Madison Square Garden. The event featured the first-ever indoor pro football games. The first professional indoor game came on December 29, xxxx, when the Syracuse Athletic Club defeated the "New York team" 5?0. Syracuse would go onto win the xxxx Series, while the Franklin Athletic Club won the Series in xxxx. The World Series only lasted two sThe game moved west into Ohio which became the center of professional football during the early decades of the 20th century. Small towns such as Massillon, Akron, Portsmouth, and Canton all supported professional teams in a loose coalition known as the "Ohio League," the direct predecessor to today's National Football League. In xxxx the Canton Bulldogs?Massillon Tigers betting scandal became the first major scandal in professional football in the United States. It was more notably the first known case of professional gamblers attempting to fix a professional sport. Although the Massillon Tigers could not prove that the Canton Bulldogs had thrown the second game, the scandal tarnished the Bulldogs name and reportedly helped ruin professional football in Ohio until the mid-xxxxs.[69] In xxxx, the reformed Canton Bulldogs signed former Olympian and Carlisle Indian School standout Jim Thorpe to a contract. Thorpe became the face of professional football for the next several years and was present at the founding of the National Football League five years later.[3][70] A disruption in play in xxxx (due to World War I and flu pandemic) allowed the New York Pro Football League to pick up some of the Ohio League's talent; the NYPFL had coalesced around xxxx, but efforts to challenge the Ohio teams were largely unsuccessful until after the suspension. By xxxx, the Ohio League and the New York league were on relatively equal footing with both each other and with teams clustered around major cities such as Philadelphia, Chicago and Detroit.easons.[3][68]all team.[3][3][63][64]Orange Bowl.ng World War II, college football players enlisted in the armed forces. As most of these players had eligibility left on their college careers, some of them returned to college at West Point, bringing Army back-to-back national titles in xxxx and xxxx under coach Red Blaik. Doc Blanchard (known as "Mr. Inside") and Glenn Davis (known as "Mr. Outside") both won the Heisman Trophy, in xxxx and xxxx respectively. On the coaching staff of those xxxx?xxxx Army teams was future Pro Football Hall of Fame coach Vince LomThe xxxxs saw the rise of yet more dynasties and power programs. Oklahoma, under coach Bud Wilkinson, won three national titles (xxxx, xxxx, xxxx) and all ten Big Eight Conference championships in the decade while building a record 47-game winning streak. Woody Hayes led Ohio State to two national titles, in xxxx and xxxx, and dominated the Big Ten conference, winning three Big Ten titles?more than any other school. Wilkinson and Hayes, along with Robert Neyland of Tennessee, oversaw a revival of the running game in the xxxxs. Passing numbers dropped from an average of 18.9 attempts in xxxx to 13.6 attempts in xxxx, while teams averaged just shy of 50 running plays per game. Nine out of ten Heisman trophy winners in the xxxxs were runners. Notre Dame, one of the biggest passing teams of the decade, saw a substantial decline in success; the xxxxs were the only decade between xxxx and xxxx when the team did not win at least a share of the national title. Paul Hornung, Notre Dame quarterback, did however win the Heisman in xxxx, becoming the only player from a losing team ever As professional football became a national television phenomenon, college football did as well. In the xxxxs, Notre Dame, which had a large national following, formed its own network to broadcast its games, but by and large the sport still retained a mostly regional following. In xxxx, the NCAA claimed all television broadcasting rights for the games of its member institutions, and it alone negotiated television rights. This situation continued until xxxx, when several schools brought a suit under the Sherman Antitrust Act; the In its early years the league was little more than a formal agreement between teams to play each other and to declare a champion at season's end. Teams were still permitted to play non-league members. The xxxx season saw several teams drop out and fail to play through their schedule. Only four teams: Akron, Buffalo, Canton, and Decatur, finished the schedule. Akron claimed the first league champion, with the only undefeated record among the remaining teamIn xxxx, several more teams joined the league, increasing the membership to 22 teams. Among the new additions were the Green Bay Packers, which now has the record for longest use of an unchanged team name. Also in xxxx, A. E. Staley, the owner of the Decatur Staleys, sold the team to player-coach George Halas, who went on to become one of the most important figures in the first half century of the NFL. In xxxx, Halas moved the team to Chicago, but retained the Staleys nickname. In xxxx the team was renamed the Chicago Bears.[74][75] The Staleys won the xxxx AFPA Championship, over the Buffalo All-Americans in an event later referred to as the "Staley Swindle".[76]s.[33][73]Supreme Court ruled against the NCAA and schools are now free to negotiate their own television deals. ABC Sports began broadcasting a national Game of the Week in xxxx, bringing key matchups and rivalries to a national audience for the fiNew formations and play sets continued to be developed. Emory Bellard, an assistant coach under Darrell Royal at the University of Texas, developed a three-back option style offense known as the wishbone. The wishbone is a run-heavy offense that depends on the quarterback making last second decisions on when and to whom to hand or pitch the ball to. Royal went on to teach the offense to other coaches, including Bear Bryant at Alabama, Chuck Fairbanks at Oklahoma and Pepper Rodgers at UCLA; who all adapted and developed it to their own tastes.[56] The strategic opposite of the wishbone is the spread offense, developed by professional and college coaches throughout the xxxxs and xxxxs. Though some schools play a run-based version of the spread, its most common use is as a passing offense designed to "spread" the field both horizontally and vertically.[57] Some teams have managed to adapt with the times to keep winning consistently. In the rankings of the most victorious programs, Michigan, Texas, and Notre Dame are ranked 1, 2, and 3 as judged by both total wins and winning In xxxx, for the highest level of college football, there were only five bowl games (Rose, Orange, Sugar, Sun, and Cotton). By xxxx, three more had joined that number aAt the conclusion of the xxxx NFL season, the Baltimore Colts and the New York Giants met at Yankee Stadium to determine the league champion. Tied after 60 minutes of play, it became the first NFL game to go into sudden death overtime. The final score was Baltimore Colts 23, New York Giants 17. The game has since become widely known as "the Greatest Game Ever Played". It was carried live on the NBC television network, and the national exposure it provided the league has been cited as a watershed moment in professional football history, helping propel the NFL to become one of the most popular sports leagues in the United States.[87][88][89] Journalist Tex Maule said of the contest, "This, for the first time, was a truly epic game which inflamed the imagination of a national audience."[52]nd in xxxx, there were still only eight major college bowl games. The number grew to eleven in xxxx. At the birth of cable television and cable sports networks like ESPN, there were fifteen bowls in xxxx. With more national venues and increased available revenue, the bowls saw an explosive growth throughout the xxxxs and xxxxs. In the thirty years from xxxx to xxxx, seven bowl games were added to the schedule. From xxxx to xxxx, an additional 20 bowl games were added to the schedule.[59][60] Some have criticized this growth, claiming that the increased number of games has diluted the significance of playing in a bowl game. Yet others have countered that the increased number of games has increased exposure and revenue for a greater number of schools, and see it as a positive devWith the growth of bowl games, it became difficult to determine a national champion in a fair and equitable manner. As conferences became contractually bound to certain bowl games (a situation known as a tie-in), match-ups that guaranteed a consensus national champion became increasingly rare. In xxxx, seven conferences and independent Notre Dame formed the Bowl Coalition, which attempted to arrange an annual No.1 versus No.2 matchup based on the final AP poll standings. The Coalition lasted for three years, however several scheduling issues prevented much success; tie-ins still took precedence in several cases. For example the Big Eight and SEC champions could never meet, since they were contractually bound to different bowl games. The coalition also excluded the Rose Bowl, arguably the most prestigious game in the nation, and two major conferences?the Pac-10 and Big Ten?meaning that it had limited success. In xxxx, the Coalition was replaced by the Bowl Alliance, which reduced the number of bowl games to host a national championship game to three?the Fiesta, Sugar, and Orange Bowls?and the participating conferences to five?the ACC, SEC, Southwest, Big Eight, and Big East. It was agreed that the No.1 and No.2 ranked teams gave up their prior bowl tie-ins and were guaranteed to meet in the national championship game, which rotated between the three participating bowls. The system still did not include the Big Ten, Pac-10, or the Rose Bowl, and thus still lacked the legitimacy of a true national champiIn xxxx, a new system was put into place called the Bowl Championship Series. For the first time, it included all major conferences (ACC, Big East, Big 12, Big Ten, Pac-10, and SEC) and all four major bowl games (Rose, Orange, Sugar and Fiesta). The champions of these six conferences, along with two "at-large" selections, were invited to play in the four bowl games. Each year, one of the four bowl games served as a national championship game. Also, a complex system of human polls, computer rankings, and strength of schedule calculations was instituted to rank schools. Based on this ranking system, the No.1 and No.2 teams met each year in the national championship game. Traditional tie-ins were maintained for schools and bowls not part of the national championship. For example, in years when not a part of the national championship, the Rose Bowl still hosted the Big Ten and Pac-10 champions.[62]onship.[60][62]elopment.[61]percentage.[58]rst time.[55]to do so.[50][51]bardi.[45][49] sports.[48]n" Sammy Baugh.[47]ootball.[46]itles.[42][45]e South.[41][35][40]d in his honor. Granite".[34]ts in xxxx.[33]of the game. the modern game.[29] the time.[25] even death.[23]ded in xxxx.[17]s honor.[12]tches.[1]otball.[1]o-hand pass.[1]rd, Columbia, and popular.[6]an football.[10]football games.[6]Technology.[6]hout the xxxxs.[6][8]t in xxxx.[6]
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